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Although Intelligent Reflective Surfaces (IRSs) are a cost-effective technology promising high spectral efficiency in future wireless networks, obtaining optimal IRS beamformers is a challenging problem with several practical limitations. Assuming fully-passive, sensing- free IRS operation, we introduce a new data-driven Zeroth-order Stochastic Gradient Ascent (ZoSGA) algorithm for sumrate optimization in an IRS-aided downlink setting.

We propose a throughput-optimal biased backpressure (BP) algorithm for routing, where the bias is learned through a graph neural network that seeks to minimize end-to-end delay. Classical BP routing provides a simple yet powerful distributed solution for resource allocation in wireless multi-hop networks but has poor delay performance. A low-cost approach to improve this delay performance is to favor shorter paths by incorporating pre-defined biases in the BP computation, such as a bias based on the shortest path (hop) distance to the destination.